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The smallest animal viruses belong to the families Parvoviridae and Picornaviridae and measure about 20 nm and about 30 nm in diameter, respectively. Structures such as these are unique to the bacteriophages.Īnimal viruses exhibit extreme variation in size and shape. The classic T4 bacteriophage is composed of a polygonal head, which contains the DNA genome and a special-function rod-shaped tail of long fibres. The larger and more-complex bacteriophages, however, contain as their genetic information double-stranded DNA and combine both filamentous and polygonal shapes. Most plant viruses are small and are either filaments or polygons, as are many bacterial viruses. Shapes of viruses are predominantly of two kinds: rods, or filaments, so called because of the linear array of the nucleic acid and the protein subunits and spheres, which are actually 20-sided (icosahedral) polygons. Any determination of the size of a virus also must take into account its shape, since different classes of viruses have distinctive shapes. Only the largest and most complex viruses can be seen under the light microscope at the highest resolution. Most viruses vary in diameter from 20 nanometres (nm 0.0000008 inch) to 250–400 nm the largest, however, measure about 500 nm in diameter and are about 700–1,000 nm in length. The genomes of Mimiviruses and Pandoraviruses, which are some of the largest known viruses, range from 1 to 2.5 Mb (1 Mb = 1,000,000 base pairs of DNA). The protein and nucleic acid constituents have properties unique for each class of virus when assembled, they determine the size and shape of the virus for that specific class. Penetrating the membrane are additional proteins that determine the specificity of the virus to host cells. Some viruses have more than one layer of protein surrounding the nucleic acid still others have a lipoprotein membrane (called an envelope), derived from the membrane of the host cell, that surrounds the nucleocapsid core. The nucleic acid and proteins of each class of viruses assemble themselves into a structure called a nucleoprotein, or nucleocapsid. The amount and arrangement of the proteins and nucleic acid of viruses determine their size and shape. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!ĭissect the anatomy of icosahedral, rod-shaped, and bacteriophage virus structures in electron micrographs See all videos for this article.
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